An inclusive search for the standard model Higgs boson produced with large transverse momentum ($p_\mathrm{T}$) and decaying to a bottom quark-antiquark pair is performed using pp collisions data collected by the CMS experiment at the LHC at $\sqrt{s}=13~\mathrm{TeV}$. The data sample corresponds to an integrated luminosity of $137~\mathrm{fb}^{-1}$. Highly Lorentz-boosted Higgs bosons decaying to $\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}$ are reconstructed as single, large radius jets, and are identified using jet substructure and dedicated b tagging techniques based on a deep neural network. The method is validated with $\mathrm{Z}\to\mathrm{b}\overline{\mathrm{b}}$ decays. For a Higgs boson mass of $125~\mathrm{GeV}$, an excess of events above the expected background is observed with a local significance of $2.54$ standard deviations, where the expectation is $0.71$. The corresponding signal strength is $\mu_\mathrm{H} = 3.68 \pm 1.20(\mathrm{stat})_{-0.66}^{+0.63}(\mathrm{syst})_{-0.46}^{+0.81}(\mathrm{theo})$ with respect to the standard model expectation. Additionally, an unfolded differential cross section as a function of Higgs boson $p_\mathrm{T}$ is presented. With respect to the previous CMS result, the relative precision of the Higgs boson signal strength measurement improves by approximately a factor of two. The improvement is due to the increased integrated luminosity, improved b tagging, and smaller theoretical uncertainties.