Additionally, “[t]he public looks to the President, as the leader of the Nation, for guidance and reassurance even on matters over which the Executive Branch—or the federal government as a whole—has no direct control. From the actions of Congress and the Judiciary, to the policies of state and local governments, to the conduct of private corporations and individuals, the President can and must engage with the public on matters of public concern.” Blassingame Amicus Br. at 12. Thus, even where a President’s actions are “directed toward the constitutional responsibilities of another Branch of government,” or concern “matters for which the President himself bears” no direct constitutional or statutory responsibility, id. at 11–12, his actions are often still within the “outer perimeter” of his official duties, see Fitzgerald 457 U.S. at 756.
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