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Later in the paper, Dirac writes: It thus appears that we must abandon the identification of the holes with protons and must find some other interpretation for them. Following Oppen- heimer,§ we can assume that in the world as we know it, all, and not merely nearly all, of the negative-energy states for electrons are occupied. A hole, if there were one, would be a new kind of particle, unknown to experimental physics, having the same mass and opposite charge to an electron. We may call such a particle an anti-electron.