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Table 1 from the paper, titled "Summary of time scales" Closed Universe Total duration 10^11 yr Open Universe Low-mass stars cool off: 10^14 yr Planets detached from stars: 10^15 yr Stars detached from galaxies: 10^19 yr Decay of orbits by gravitational radiation: 10^20 yr Decay of black holes by Hawking process: 10^64 yr Matter liquid at zero temperature: 10^65 yr All matter decays to iron: 10^1500 yr Collapse of ordinary matter to black hole [alternative (ii)]: 10^10^26 yr Collapse of stars to neutron stars or black holes [alternative (iv)]: 10^10^76 yr

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Table 1 from the paper, titled "Summary of time scales" Closed Universe Total duration 10^11 yr Open Universe Low-mass stars cool off: 10^14 yr Planets detached from stars: 10^15 yr Stars detached from galaxies: 10^19 yr Decay of orbits by gravitational radiation: 10^20 yr Decay of black holes by Hawking process: 10^64 yr Matter liquid at zero temperature: 10^65 yr All matter decays to iron: 10^1500 yr Collapse of ordinary matter to black hole [alternative (ii)]: 10^10^26 yr Collapse of stars to neutron stars or black holes [alternative (iv)]: 10^10^76 yr
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Robert McNees (mcnees@mastodon.social)'s status on Thursday, 15-Dec-2022 18:09:14 UTC Robert McNees
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First Dyson considers phenomena relevant over time scales associated with the deep future, like the dissolution of galaxies, or the liquefaction of "stable" matter due to quantum tunneling at near-zero K. Here are some estimates:
Ref: Dyson, Rev. Mod. Phys. Vol. 51, No. 3 (1979)

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